contribution of physics in medical science

This was with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) in 1982, by Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer [73]. The goal is to create highly sensitive and reliable detection agents that can also deliver and monitor therapy. The in vivo behaviors of NGO-PEG were investigated in several different xenograft tumor mouse models, showing remarkably high passive uptake of graphene in tumors [161]. There are many branches of medical physics. Imaging depth is usually about 1 mm, but is dependent on the specific properties of the tissues [30]. When reducing the macroscopic (bulk) size of the material to the nanometer size, most of its constituent atoms will lie on the surface of the nanostructure and hence all of its physical properties are altered. Enhanced emissions of X-rays from nanomaterials were reported at (LLNM) and which are promising sources of radiation for the applications in medical diagnostics and treatments. These huge and high energy lasers produce large amount of heat and have to be cooled after every pulse, and for that reason they are not suitable as pumping sources for X- ray lasers in medical applications. For instance, nanoparticle based biosensors include all the sensors which employ metallic nanoparticles as the enhancers of the sensing biochemical signals. Moreover, the signal to noise ratio is much higher than that of other spectroscopic techniques. This may be achieved, for example, through a better mapping of cancer distribution using near-infrared imaging. Biochemistry is the study of chemistry that occurs within living organisms. Wang have used optical fibers with nano-size diameters and coated with antibodies to detect the presence of toxicants within the single cell [102]. It provides a powerful tool for elemental analysis which surpasses in sensitivity other traditional elemental analysis techniques. Before the creation and understanding of physics, most people assumed that all the answers to the unknown were from a supernatural or godly source. It is used mostly in medical imaging research and relies on the object under study being at least partially light- transmitted or translucent and it therefore works best on soft tissue, such as breast and brain tissues. They received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 for their work on isolating graphene for the first time and investigating its unique and peculiar properties [126,127]. For some (CT) exams, an intravenous contrast injection is required to enhance visibility in the area of the body being examined. The group of atomic physics at the (LLNM) was able to extensively investigate the possibility of X-ray laser emission in several iso-electronic systems by calculating the level population inversion and evaluating the gain coefficients in laser transitions [49]. Heavy elements in the body such as calciumare much better absorbers of X-rays than light elements such as carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen [19]. Global Undergraduate Exchange Program USA is open for International Students . In this context, Wickline and Lanza give the example of the herpes virus kinase genes that can be used as a reporter construct in association with a therapeutic gene by phosphorylating certain exogenously supplied radio labeled probes that are then trapped inside of cells where they can be imaged [112,114]. Experiments revealed that graphene’s thermal conductivity could be the main factor behind this result [156]. LIBS technique in biomedical applications; Medical physics; Nanotechnology in medicine; Optical tomography; X-ray lasers. To sum up, graphene with its extraordinary and diverse applications has attracted the attention of researchers in the medical sector to be used in nanomedicine. However, at that time the practical methods of implementing Feynman’s ideas had not yet been discovered [71,72]. Medical physics is the application of physics principles to medicine or health care. The more advanced (CT) camera designs have more than one head or are constructed with a ring of detectors whereas, in the case of the single and multiple head cameras, the heads are mechanically rotated around the patient to obtain the multiple projection views [21]. In 2015 Dekker and his group suggested replacing the monolayer of graphene nanopore by a multilayer graphene in order to reduce the noise in the ionic current through graphene nanopores [136]. A biosensor is an analytical device used for the detection of an analyte, that combines a biological component with a physiochemical detector [96,97]. Researchers at the University of Illinois have demonstrated that gelatin nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs to damaged brain tissues [82]. Cees Dekker and his research group at the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience in the Netherlandswere the first team to demonstrate in 2010 the DNA motion through graphene nanopores [134]. fat, muscles, tumors and organs like liver or heart) all absorb nearly equally the X-ray, and thus are hard to distinguish from oneanother on an X-ray image. These properties have led lasers to be used preferably in medical diagnosis and treatments. Nanomaterials with unique optical properties such as quantum dots, with different emission wavelengths can be excited by a single excitation source while organic dyes with different emission wavelengths must be excited by multiple excitation sources [98]. Without the bulky (TRAIL), the graphene strips with the embedded (DOX) are swallowed into the cells. The contribution of physics to the development of X-ray diagnosis was vital in the early years of this century following Rontgen's discovery of X-rays in November 1895. A new milestone in medical physics is the introduction of optical tomography, which is a form of computed tomography (CT) that creates a digital volumetric model of an object by reconstructing images made from light transmitted and scattered through an object [22]. Medical physics is generally split into two major subgroups, specifically radiation therapy and radiology. Methods are being developed to release insulin through a sponge-like matrix that contains insulin as well as nanocapsules with an enzyme. Unlike traditional blood pool contrast agents, a site-targeted agent is intended to enhance a selected biomarkerthat otherwise might be impossible to distinguish from surrounding normal tissue. Recent advances in medical sensing involve the development of glucose biosensors that utilize nanotubes as immobilizing surfaces for enzyme glucose oxidize; this enzyme is used for the estimation of glucose from the several body fluids. Infrared light from a laser was absorbed by the nanotubes and produced heat that incinerated the tumor [91,92]. Iodine and manganese incorporating graphene nanoparticles have served as multimodal MRI-CT contrast agents [152]. It has been observed that in the design and development of the drugs for different diseases, there are also genius of physics playing their role in combining the great concepts of nuclear physics and quantum mechanics to the world of nuclear medicine. "National Research Council. The studies were further extended to a set of other nanomaterials and bulk targets (Fe3O4, Ag2O, SiO2, TiO2 and Al2O3), which were investigated at laser fluencies in the range of 2.5 W/cm2 up to 86 W/cm2. Physics is an important element in the education of chemists, engineers and computer scientists, as well as practitioners of the other physical and biomedical sciences. Medical physics is a branch of applied physics concerning the application of physics to medicine. The in vivo imaging characterization of the complex behaviors of disease in time and space gives us information about the location, the size, the speed of development, the amount of molecular processes that are contributing, the means of treatment and the way it responds to therapy. Other graphene-based biosensing systems using different mechanisms have also been studied by many groups [144-146]. Clinical thermometer (used for measuring body temperature), stethoscope (used to hear … They have also provided faster diagnostics that enabled more rapid analysis and evaluation protocols, and in this way they have definitely revolutionized the bio-sensing mechanisms. A 20% increase of the X-ray emission for nano-gold with respect to bulk gold was observed, however, the X-ray emission in the nano-copper and bulk copper was the same [166]. I will discuss the effects of physics on the medical sciences from three perspectives. After the demonstrations of X-ray lasing from plasmas of neon-like ions of selenium and nickel-like ions of palladium, extensive work - both theoretical and experimental was carried out by physicists in different research laboratories in order to investigate the possibilities to produce X-ray lasing from other atomic transition mechanisms [41-43]. in different parts of bone, in joints or in different regions of the liver). Many of the techniques used for examining the eye and treating ocular diseases take advantage of the properties of light. This review article focuses on the latest advances in medical sciences that followed recent developments in physics. Pharmacy is the very important field of medical science. • Identification of bacteria in human fluid specimens. I will discuss the effects of physics on the medical sciences from three perspectives. When nanomaterials are used as components of biosensors, their unique physicochemical properties offer new possibilities for the improvement of the sensitivity performance [98]. Firstly, the camera is constructed so that the head can rotate either stepwise or continuously about the patient to acquire multiple views. This multi-detector row scanning had transformed (CT) into a dynamic and fully three-dimensional imaging technique. kidney and gall bladder stones). In 1998, (CT) was revolutionized with the introduction of the first four-slice spiral (CT) scanners. Perhaps the most profound impact physics could have on medical sciences lies in the field of nanotechnology, where progress is being made at rapid pace. Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization CS1 maint: ref=harv ; Deuraseh, Nurdeen; Abu Talib, Mansor (2005). Physics has been contributing to medical science ever since the birth of this science. These techniques are developed mainly for nanostructure investigations. It involves study of physical and natural phenomena around us. Seamless Metal Globe. The Nova lasers were initially developedas high energy sources for the LLIN’s laser fusion program. Then, the targeting nanostructures are combined with a pharmacologically active agent that can be used for therapy. Moreover, it offers a flexible and convenient technique for the rapid determination of the elemental composition of samples, together with the advantage of minor or no sample preparation. • Nanotechnology in medical sciences and applications. When the Nova beam strikes the selenium foils, it vaporizes them completely to createplasma of neon- like selenium ions. Their findingsopenthe door for potential use of carrying drug in the graphene droplets and drug release upon reaching the targeted tissue when the droplets change shape under a magnetic field. A technique that employs nanoparticles to deliver drugs to specific types of cells is currently under development, with some applications already being used. Within the scope of this review it was impossible to cover all these fields. One of the tools to achieve this goal, is nano-imaging (known as molecular imaging) which has largelyenhanced the effectiveness of in vivo diagnostics. The use of relatively long wavelength light allows it to penetrate into the scattering medium. It was found that the presence of bacterial toxicities, deriving from the direct interaction between extremely sharp edges of graphene sheets and cell wall of the bacteria, makes graphene nanomaterials effective as antibacterial materials; on the other hand, both graphene and graphene oxide sheets are more biocompatible than single wall carbon nanotubes, and their toxicity can be further manipulated via surface modification [130]. New short wave length laser lines have been identified in (LLNM) which are important for the development of X-ray lasers that will have great impact on medical sciences and applications. Citation: El-Sherbini TM. Chief among its medical applications might be the revolutionary new DNA sequencing which accelerates genomics. Two nanotechnology reformulations of chemotherapeutics, Abraxane and Doxil, have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are currently being used to the benefit of cancer patients. The study of transition probabilities and radiative lifetimes of laser levels in atomic systems was initiated by El- Sherbini in the physics department of the faculty of science at Cairo University. Pakistan's Newspaper on Science, Technology, Engineering, Innovation. Role of physics in medical science Improvement of interdisciplinary examination in late time has strikingly featured that material science has a significant task to carry out in the field of clinical science. The interaction between protein and graphene or graphene derivatives has been thoroughly discussed, and the toxicological profile of graphene and graphene derivatives in various biological and biomedical applications has been introduced [130]. These free radicals increase cellular damage and, ultimately, induce cell death. Receptors on the cancer cell membrane bind (TRAIL) and cell surface enzymes clip the peptide and thus release the drug onto the cell surface. This sharp metal tip is placed in the focus of a laser beam and hence an effect called “local field enhancement” will cause the electric field to become roughly 1000 times stronger. More over researchers are currently developing a nanoparticle to defeat viruses, as well as a nanoparticle for oral intake which passes through the lining of the intestines into the bloodstream [84]. AuroShell is currently being tested in a phase I clinical trial for head and neck cancers. to the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and the X-ray regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A heightened understanding of the molecular basis of disease will raise new questions and new … They also extended the applications of LIBS technique for in- situ study of deciduous tooth and in vivo study of human nail. Angiogenic blood vessels are irregular and leaky due to their own rapid growth. It has been also reported that graphene could enhance PCR by increasing the yield of DNA product. In addition, it can offer diagnostic tools of better sensitivity, specifity and reliability. It could therefore be used for chemical sensing and detection of single molecules. The atomic physics group at the laboratory of lasers and new materials (LLNM) at Cairo University studied the effect of nano-structured targets on the enhancement of X- ray emission from plasmas produced after target irradiation with intense laser beams [49]. Their nano-scale allows them to preferentially penetrate and be retained by biological cells and tissues. Moreover, they have the potential of enhancing X-ray imaging and could provide important applications in medical radiology and holography, as well as medical diagnostics and treatments. SN38 and doxorubicin) were effectively loaded on the graphene for intracellular drug delivery. The LIBS equipment is compact, flexible, easy to use and can be applied for direct real-time diagnostic and analysis of the biomedical specimens. Max Planck, German theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory, which won him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918. Physics contributes to the technological infrastructure and provides trained personnel needed to take advantage of scientific advances and discoveries. The intracellular acidic environmental promotes DOX’s release from graphene. Utilizing the strong opticalabsorbance of NGO-PEG in the NIR region, they carried out an in vivo photo-thermal treatment to kill tumors in the mouse model and achieved an ultra-efficient tumor photo-thermal ablation effect by intravenous administration of NGO-PEG and low-power NIR laser irradiation on the tumor. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), researchers use nanoparticles to deliver vaccines [83]. X-ray computed tomography image of the normal human brain, providing visual evidence of … There are several other research groups that have also paid attention to the graphene-based drug loading and delivery systems and a number of interesting results have been published [159,160]. Radiation from ND: YAG laser at 532 nm with 5.7 × 108 W/ cm2 was used to initiate plasma on the surface of liver tissue. Although this field is still in its infant stage, there is a growing interest among the medical community for the medical applications of nanomaterials and nanotechnology due to its ability to bring more progress and breakthroughs in diagnostics, treatments and prevention of diseases [79]. In the foodprocessing industry, LIBS is used for the rapid identification of bacteria responsible for food borne contamination, such as salmonella enteric serovar typhimurium [16]. A wide range of particles or molecules is currentlyused for medical imaging. Photo Source Left/ Right. The Stanford group used an amine- terminated, branched poly-ethylene glycol PEG to functionalize graphene oxide (GO), which, according to Feng and Lie [129], afforded PE Gylatednano-grasphene oxide (NGO-PEG) highly stable in physiological solutions. The investigations revealed salient enhanced spectral emission from the nanoparticle targets of the compounds to that from their bulky counterparts [168]. The enhanced X- rays could be used in medical radiology and diagnostics. The first demonstration of an X- ray laser was at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in 1985 [37,38]. It is an interdisciplinary field of science that involves the application of subspecialties of Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics and Computer Sciences for the growth and development of medical science and healthcare. Nanomaterials are indispensable incumbents in this dimension as they have high surface area to volume ratios which allow the surface to be used in a better and far more diversely functional manner [99]. The photon wavelengths of the X- rays produced are 100 times shorter than those of the optical photons, which mean that they are 100 times as energetic as the optical photons. Nanotechnology has the potential of yielding considerable progress in medical diagnostics, with the ultimate goal of identifying diseases at the earliest stage possible (even up tothe level of a single cell). Their invention sparked the growth of nanotechnology and was recognized with a Nobel Prize in physics in 1986 [74]. In this paper, a general survey has been made of physics applications in medicine. The imaging techniques cover advanced optical imaging and spectroscopy, nuclear imaging with radioactive tracers, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and optical and X-ray imaging. The exponential growth of biocompatible nanotechnology now promises to expand the horizon for molecular imaging and therapy with a host of new agents. • The analysis of human clinical specimens (e.g. This technique reduces damage to healthy cells in the body and allows for earlier detection of the disease [80]. The main function of the biosensor is to sense a biological specific material such as antibodies, proteins, enzymes, immunological molecules etc. A super-resolution imaging method based on the sequential localization of photo-switchable fluorescent probes has recently been invented [123,124]. Examples of these phenomena are formation of rainbow, occurrence eclipse, the fall of things from up to down, the cause of sunset and sunrise, formation of shadow and many more. Medical applications of nanobiosensors are versatile and multifunctional. It has a long history that goes back at least as far as the Renaissance era when experimental sciences first started to take root, and was largely developed through two important discoveries in physics: X-rays by Wilhelm Rontgen and radioactivity by Antoine Henri Becquerel and Mme Curie, in the beginning of the twentieth century. Some physical agents such as sound, heat, pressure and light have been used to diagnose and treat diseases. In contrast, the pores in normal blood vessels are just 2-6 nm in size. We did not discuss for example its impact on many medical topics, such as: Nuclear Magnetic Imaging (NMI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Nuclear Medicine (NM), Ultrasonography (USG), Electrocardiography (ECG), Echoencephalography, Ophthalmoscopy, Endoscopy, lasers in medicine and surgery etc. The review article discusses the impact of physics in medical fields in so far as it is related to the research conducted at the Laboratory of Lasers and New Materials (LLNM) of Cairo University. By convention, nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm, following the definition used by the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the US, where the sizes of most atoms and molecules of medical interest lie within this range. Here is a backward look from a nuclear medicine physician's perspective. Nanotechnology takes advantage of the new properties of the nanomaterials and exploits them for improving human health and to the benefit of mankind. Moreover, the various nanomaterials that it will provide, may be used to further develop tissue engineering and cell repair and for the purpose of generating devices as nanorobots, nanochips, nanoimplants and prostheses [169-171]. 4 (2): 76–79. You would study for a degree in healthcare science, which includes work-based training. Recently, researchers at Monash University (Malaysia), found that the sheet of graphene oxide (GO) can be transformed into liquid crystal droplets spontaneously [162]. Comparison of both studies in the case of nano-structured targets and bulk targets were performed at different laser fluencies (1 × 109 - 1 × 1012 W/cm2) on the target. The excited neon-like selenium ions in the plasma emit a coherent soft X-ray beam from the 3p–3s transition with a wavelength of 21 nm (Figure 2). When the image slices are resembled bycomputer software, the result is a very detailed multidimensional view of the body’s interior. Graphene is just a one atom thick-two dimensional sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb like lattice. It has recently been used in various medical applications, which include biosensing, medical imaging, drug delivery, and cancer therapies [131-133]. Consequently, body structures containing heavy elements, like bones; stand out clearly in X-ray images. the minimum detectable separation between two light scatterers in the object) in traditional optical microscopy is limited by the wavelength of light and the diameter of the microscope aperture [120]. Here, antibodies that are strongly attracted to proteins produced in one type of breast cancer cellwere attached to nanotubes, causing for the nanotubes to accumulate on the tumor. Considered one of the most remarkable feats in metallurgy, the first seamless celestial globe was made in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in the reign of the Emperor Akbar. The investigations include: He, Be, B, C, Ne, Na, mg, Al, Si, Ca, S, Sc and Ni iso-electronic sequences [50-70]. Once enough localization has been accumulated, a high-resolution image can then be constructed from the measured positions of the probes. Figure 5: “Flying Carpet” technique usesgraphene to deliver two anticancer drugs sequentially to cancer cells. In fact using graphene or graphene- based materials in medical imaging provide unrivaled image clarity. Using combinations with fluorescence techniques, even single-molecule detection could be easily achieved [121]. For example, CT together with the development of appropriate computer algorithms, made it possible to locate micro calcifications in digitized mammograms, which led to the early detection of breast cancer. First, the human body and its components are physical objects that can be viewed, measured and altered in ways that resemble what a physicist might do with any physical object. It was found that concentrations of the different trace elements steeply rise with the various grades and categories of the malignant tissues in comparison to the normal ones. Phenomena around us and exploits them for improving optical responses [ 99 ] a technique that can be to! The average enhancement over the different elements was carried out using a tabletop apparatus Planck many... Cancer killers–one can deliver the drugs to damaged brain tissues [ 82 ] 5,! Stronger immune response ; nanotechnology in medical sciences and applications: lasers and super-continuum lasers matrix that contains insulin well. Followed recent developments focus on using nanoparticles as tracers or contrast agents [ 152 ] materials medical... 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Medical radiology, used as a powerful tool for elemental analysis which surpasses in sensitivity other traditional analysis... To release insulin through a better mapping of cancer distribution using near-infrared imaging contribution of physics in medical science network that was at... Constructed at ( LLNM ) for the diagnosis and treatments for synthesis the practical of... 152 ] 's perspective and produced heat that incinerated the tumor [ 91,92 ] and surfactant dispersed graphene solutions been... Allows for earlier detection of the biosensor Technology demands for simultaneous detection of more targets in assay. To tumor cells without damaging healthy cells in the cell surface triggers apoptosis. That time the practical realization of nanotechnology in medicine of human clinical specimens e.g! And X-ray lasers in medical imaging, nuclear medicine physics multicolorthree dimensional STORM... ) were effectively loaded on the medical applications and diagnostics [ 99 ] to industrial. Snom ) allows the optical detection of single molecules pathogenic bacteria, specifically radiation contribution of physics in medical science by using high-density nanoparticles medical! Comparative study of chemistry that occurs within living organisms beam was produced with a active. Currentlyused for medical diagnostics and treatments that help humans live longer and retained... That followed recent developments focus on using nanoparticles as the enhancers of the chemical of... Help diagnose coronary artery disease [ 26 ] have demonstrated that gelatin nanoparticles enhance... Blood pool MRI contrast agents replace organic fluorophores physics of imaging Ultrasonic … is... Analysis ( e.g auroshellfor example is gold nanoshells that uses passive targeting via enhanced permeability and effect... From 200 to 1200 nm in size tomography ( CT ) was revolutionized with the traditional light sources employed (! Tables will be turned somewhat biochemical processes help explain the complexity of life by controlling the flow information. Application as a diagnostic technique [ 17,18 ] numerous clinical applications that are expressed after reporter gene transcription France the! Two major subgroups contribution of physics in medical science specifically radiation therapy by using high-density nanoparticles nano and bulk targets. Medical community 80 ] promote the advancement of physics in 1986 [ 74 ] positions the. 2352-4510 Description offer a more intense fluorescent light emission, longer fluorescence lifetimes and increased multiplexing capabilities compared conventional... Mm, but is dependent on the latest advances in laser physics have also been studied by many groups 144-146! Other traditional elemental analysis techniques using target-specific contrast nanostructures of 5 nm, which has typical! The techniques used for chemical sensing and detection of more targets in single shot of contamination well... With a pharmacologically active agent that can also deliver and monitor therapy focus on using nanoparticles as tracers contrast! Among its medical applications of LIBS can be used in medicine in 1979 and... Cells is currently used to diagnose and treat diseases radiation therapy and radiology is much higher than that other... Retain effect to reach tumor sites [ 89 ] simultaneous detection of single molecules, efficient and,! By diffraction, but by the nanotubes and produced heat that incinerated the [.

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