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Aneodymium magnet (also known as NdFeB, NIB or Neo magnet), the most widely used type of rare-earth magnet, is a permanent magnet made from an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron to form the Nd 2 Fe 14 B tetragonal crystalline structure. 0000004913 00000 n Ferrite (Ceramic) Sintered . NdFeB Magnets Production Process NdFeB Magnets Production Process – The NdFeB magnets are manufactured with the alloy of Neodymium-Iron-Boron and small amount of added ingredients such as Dysprosium and Praseodymium, which can help increasing the corrosion resistance of the products. The Nd2Fe14B crystal structure can be described as alternating layers of iron atoms and a neodymium-boron compound. The actual chemical compositions differ with the actual magnet grades. 0000027277 00000 n SmCo vs NdFeB Magnet Strength -How Strong Are They? 0000200319 00000 n Samarium Cobalt and Neodymium Iron Boron both make very strong magnets. ��߷+|������y:t�y�Fr"�,F�y^M�I�*��? Developed independently in 1982 by General Motors and Sumitomo Special Metals, neodymium magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnet commercially … For sintered NdFeB magnets, there is a widely recognized international classification. 0000015431 00000 n The first letter N before the values is short for neodymium, meaning sintered NdFeB magnets. 0000130739 00000 n Units . 0000026732 00000 n Adhesive Neodymium Magnets Great quality Small block ndfeb N50 magnet coating NiCuNi These magnets are made of premium rare earth metal, they are ultra strong and permanently magnetic, their magnetic strength would not reduce over time. 0000007021 00000 n A Neodymium magnet, also known as NdFeB or Neo magnet, is the strongest known type of permanent magnet. 0000002129 00000 n In some cases, chipped magnets can act as a fire hazard as they come together, sending sparks flying as if it were a lighter flint, because some neodymium magnets contain ferrocerium. The method exploits an "organic/inorganic hybrid technology" to form a clay-like mixture that can be fashioned into various shapes for sintering. Sintered Nd-magnets are prepared by the raw materials being melted in a furnace, cast into a mold and cooled to form ingots. h�b``�b``�����X� € "@16� :�� }�_��'1� �� '9�/; 0000042838 00000 n Neodymium magnets, also known as NIB magnets, are measured from N24 to N55 on the magnetism scale that goes up to N64, which is a theoretical magnetism measurement. ��e@�00��H�l�����| ��`������D?T�0�b�f�aXp��ᵂUG�)FF+��-� a�'��,M�R0]`�`��(˰�ɂy�C��q9R�k��3�[�(�=�Q�9:+d00��~`a����`� y�%�݁aC�3��H��� ���V���63�Y�� This section provides information of the physical properties of Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnets. The magnet is considered to be magnetized / oriented in the “thickness” direction. Neodymium magnets are sensitive to heat. HGT Advanced Magnets Co.,Ltd is China NdFeB magnet manufacturer & supplier. By this measure, SmCo magnets greatly excel over NdFeB magnets –especially at elevated temperatures. [3], Neodymium magnets are graded according to their maximum energy product, which relates to the magnetic flux output per unit volume. Higher values indicate stronger magnets. Some examples are: The greater strength of neodymium magnets has inspired new applications in areas where magnets were not used before, such as magnetic jewelry clasps, children's magnetic building sets (and other neodymium magnet toys) and as part of the closing mechanism of modern sport parachute equipment. Sintered . Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnets were commercially introduced in the early 1980s, and are widely used today for many different applications. 0000027659 00000 n NdFeB magnet. We can produce custom magnets that withstand high temperatures. The terminology of magnetics is not widely understood. Neodymium is a metal which is ferromagnetic (more specifically it shows antiferromagnetic properties), meaning that like iron it can be magnetized to become a magnet, but its Curie temperature (the temperature above which its ferromagnetism disappears) is 19 K (−254.2 °C; −425.5 °F), so in pure form its magnetism only appears at extremely low temperatures. "What is Maximum Energy Product / BHmax and How Does It Correspond to Magnet Grade? 0000003985 00000 n �C/��g!�ы�g! This vulnerability is addressed in many commercial products by adding a protective coating to prevent exposure to the atmosphere. Nickel plating or two-layered copper-nickel plating are the standard methods, although plating with other metals, or polymer and lacquer protective coatings, are also in use. There have even been cases where young children who have swallowed several magnets have had sections of the digestive tract pinched between two magnets, causing injury or death. If you can’t find the information you want here, please feel free to contact us.. h���1 0ð4HGl\�aW&`�'MF[����!��!��!�_�'� �9� endstream endobj 3344 0 obj <>/Metadata 130 0 R/Pages 129 0 R/StructTreeRoot 132 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 3345 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>/MC1<>>>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 3346 0 obj <>stream Vibration Motors and Taptic Feedback Motors. Samarium : Cobalt (2:17) Sintered . Mass production is planned for 2017. I.Harrison, K.Warwick and V.Ruiz (2018), "Subdermal Magnetic Implants: An Experimental Study", Cybernetics and Systems, 49(2), 122-150. speakers, taptic feedback and auto focus actuators, "Pentagon Loses Control of Bombs to China Metal Monopoly", "Research Funding for Rare Earth Free Permanent Magnets", "The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths". Take the NdFeB magnet and place it against the ceramic magnet, North pole against North pole. 3. O2u-��+]x}~�J����edU&/ʯy\�����պ��~o�Q�jiii`� �E:: 3 [23], Neodymium has a negative coefficient, meaning the coercivity along with the magnetic energy density (BHmax) decreases with temperature. Depending on the grade of the magnet, the heat will demagnetize the magnet. }�Y@sM�+�k�/qg�x��f�=�ijú���ֿ��m����a���ttw��`�0�D`��}��. Ball Ndfeb Magnets Customized Neodymium permanent Ball Magnets Coated Ceram These magnets are made of premium rare earth metal, they are ultra strong and permanently magnetic, their magnetic strength would not reduce over time. [35] They are the main metal in the formerly popular desk-toy magnets, "Buckyballs" and "Buckycubes", though some U.S. retailers have chosen not to sell them because of child-safety concerns,[36] and they have been banned in Canada for the same reason. Mature Technology. It is available in the bonded and sintered forms. 0000001978 00000 n 4. You can find definitions of most terms on our Glossary of Magnet Terminology Page. Depending on the shape, the composition, and the production method, NIB magnets can fall anywhere in this range and provide serious lifting strength. The blocks are then heat-treated, cut to shape, surface treated and magnetized. 0000017100 00000 n [16][17], Grades of sintered NdFeB magnets:[7][further explanation needed][18][unreliable source?]. 0000029956 00000 n Do the same thing with the alnico magnet and the NdFeB magnet the next day. Strong Neodymium Bar Magnets (50 Pack) - 2X Stronger, 2X Thicker, Powerful Rare Earth Magnets - Industrial Strength NdFeB Magnet Set for Fridge, DIY, Crafts - 60 x … Most of our magnets are grade N40 so if they are heated above … Sintered Nd2Fe14B tends to be vulnerable to corrosion, especially along grain boundaries of a sintered magnet. [37], The strength and magnetic field homogeneity on neodymium magnets has also opened new applications in the medical field with the introduction of open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners used to image the body in radiology departments as an alternative to superconducting magnets that use a coil of superconducting wire to produce the magnetic field. Oe). Special neodymium magnet alloys that include terbium and dysprosium have been developed that have higher Curie temperature, allowing them to tolerate higher temperatures. 0000024165 00000 n Neodymium-iron-boron magnets have high coercivity at room temperature, but as the temperature rises above 100 °C (212 °F), the coercivity decreases drastically until the Curie temperature (around 320 °C or 608 °F). We will provide you with reasonable suggestions and high-quality products based on performance, size, coating, … This magnetic energy property is higher in NdFeB alloys than in samarium cobalt (SmCo) magnets, which were the first type of rare-earth magnet to be commercialized. 0000056840 00000 n Sintered NdFeB magnet, also called neodymium magnet, is the most powerful permanent magnet in the world. 0000010923 00000 n �5� |i��?�Ë&QA�����_`���@[z)������^J�Xz������x���8��襁���\,��+g!qz)�l�%��[z��o�^r�g�|G���sxq���ő��8�s��� �#!��%���v�����_ʺ�7��"?��E~Y+�Ë�19M�C~�i�gc�1���9�"���kS2O4=�E�WC����!��� Sintered . 0000048906 00000 n The high strength of NdFeB magnets has been a major factor in driving improvements in smart phone camera technology and has led to better and cheaper cameras. 0000052338 00000 n SmCo magnet. 0000026578 00000 n Sintered NdFeB (Neodymium Iron Boron) magnets belong to a group of Rare-Earth magnets and have the highest remanence (remaining magnetization after removing the external magnetic field) and coercivity (high resistance to demagnetization). Also this could be a serious health risk if working with machines that have magnets in or attached to them [26] The stronger magnetic fields can be hazardous to mechanical and electronic devices, as they can erase magnetic media such as floppy disks and credit cards, and magnetize watches and the shadow masks of CRT type monitors at a greater distance than other types of magnet. Neodymium magnets will lose about 1% of their magnetic strength every 10 years due to … As already discussed in previous sections, the NdFeB magnet has various grades:- each grade has its own magnetic properties (relating to strength of magnetic field output and resistance to demagnetization, maximum recommended operating temperature and temperature coefficients). An example of composition is […] 0000001744 00000 n 0000200258 00000 n Rapid solidification or bonded magnet process, In process industries, powerful neodymium magnets are used to catch foreign bodies and protect product and processes, This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 08:38. 0000004361 00000 n [40] They have also been implanted in the fingertips in order to provide sensory perception of magnetic fields,[41] though this is an experimental procedure only popular among biohackers and grinders.[42]. | Dura Magnetics USA", As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms, Typical Physical and Chemical Properties of Some Magnetic Materials, "How to remove a finger with two super magnets", "CPSC Safety Alert: Ingested Magnets Can Cause Serious Intestinal Injuries", "Manufacturing Process of Sintered Neodymium Magnets", "World's First Magnetic Field Orientation Controlling Neodymium Magnet", "Potent magnet that can be molded like clay developed", "A rare metal called neodymium is in your headphones, cellphone and electric cars like Tesla's Model 3 — and China controls the world's supply", "How its made - Neodymium magnets كيفية صناعة المغناطيسات الخارقة القوة", "The Demand for Rare Earth Materials In Permanent Magnets", "Industrial Magnets strength and design for process protections - PowderProcess.net", "Feds file suit against Buckyballs, retailers ban product", "Health Canada to ban the sale of 'Buckyballs' magnets", "TAVAC Safety and Effectiveness Analysis: LINX® Reflux Management System", "The linx reflux management system: stop reflux at its source", "What You Need to Know About Getting Magnetic Finger Implants", Standard Specifications for Permanent Magnet Materials, The Dependence of Magnetic Properties and Hot Workability of Rare Earth-Iron-Boride Magnets Upon Composition, Concern as China clamps down on rare earth exports, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neodymium_magnet&oldid=996946392, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2013, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Temperature coefficient of remanence (%/K), Temperature coefficient of coercivity (%/K). Factory Strength. The bonded NdFeB magnets is suitable in the high magnetic field strength requests, the low mechanical strength request, the contour not complex domain In the magnet added some element to enhanced the temperature stability, its anti-temperature stability is good. First discovered in 1982 and commercially available in 1984 Neodymium magnets have largely become the most widely used type of rare-earth magnet around the world. NdFeB . What are Neodymium Magnets? 0000005612 00000 n 0000005350 00000 n 0000017213 00000 n H�\�͎�0���R��I&R����p�H@9����坕)�G�ݮ�����;�âҟ~�nQ�a콻Mw�9ur�aL�Q��-�M��k;'i(>>n�����*�>��PO�~:��$��{��~o��*=����]ݸ�L5���94����۫S�����}X/��_��cv�Ȼ��n��mn;����u�F���i7��}/ Tape or rubber-band the magnets together to keep them in that position. However, compounds of neodymium with transition metalssuch as iron can have Curie temperatures well above room temperature, and these are … [24], The greater forces exerted by rare-earth magnets create hazards that may not occur with other types of magnet. Alnico . China NdFeB Magnet, SmCo Magnet Manufacturer & Supplier +86 28 69914836. Part of the Rare-Earth magnet family, they have the highest magnetic properties of … Alnico . Samarium : Cobalt (1:5) Sintered . �!� endstream endobj 3347 0 obj <> endobj 3348 0 obj <> endobj 3349 0 obj <>stream Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) Magnets. 0000014231 00000 n 0000007136 00000 n Characteristic physical properties of sintered NdFeB magnet material at 20°C Density Vickers hardness Flexural strength Tensile strength Young’s modulus Curie temperature Specific electrical resistivity Specific heat Thermal conductivity Coefficient of thermal expansion parallel to magnetization direction It is the physical size and shape of the NdFeB magnet and the total magnetic circuit that actually determines how well a magnet will perform at raised temperature. 3343 0 obj <> endobj xref 3343 50 0000000016 00000 n The magnetic field strength is a measurement of the magnetic field’s strength and direction at a particular point near the magnet. It depends on the size, shape and grade of the magnet, where the measurement is performed, and the presence of any other magnets or ferromagnetic materials nearby. Deko magnetics works on magnet production for 16 years, we know about the use and protection of NdFeB magnets. Neodymium magnets are often referred to as "NdFeB" or "Neo". 0000003424 00000 n The cost of neodymium magnet material (on a dollar per energy product basis) is comparable to that of ferrite magnets . How to Understand the Grade of Sintered NdFeB Magnet? 0000026967 00000 n The ingots are pulverized and milled; the powder is then sintered into dense blocks. Neodymium magnets have replaced alnico and ferrite magnets in many of the myriad applications in modern technology where strong permanent magnets are required, because their greater strength allows the use of smaller, lighter magnets for a given application. This type of corrosion can cause serious deterioration, including crumbling of a magnet into a powder of small magnetic particles, or spalling of a surface layer. 0000022091 00000 n 0000012817 00000 n 0000006353 00000 n 0000016463 00000 n Magnet physical properties is a good reference value when you choosing a magnet material from NdFeB, SmCo, AlNiCo and Ferrite Magnets.Different materials have different properties. 0000015793 00000 n [30] China produces more than 95% of rare earth elements and produces about 76% of the world's total rare-earth magnets, as well as most of the world's neodymium.[31][9]. It’s the silent ring motor for when you set your phone to vibrate. Cast . In power generation applications, NdFeB magnets can be expected to give 4-5 times the power output of ceramic magnets. [28][29], As of 2012, 50,000 tons of neodymium magnets are produced officially each year in China, and 80,000 tons in a "company-by-company" build-up done in 2013. We can make neodymium magnets into various shapes like discs, blocks, cubes, rings, rods, tiles, spheres, and etc. [38], Neodymium magnets are used as a surgically placed anti-reflux system which is a band of magnets[39] surgically implanted around the lower esophageal sphincter to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). NdFeB Magnets / Neodymium Iron Boron Magnets Datasheet NdFeB magnets are also know as Neo, Neodymium Iron Boron, NdBFe, NIB, Super Strength, and Rare Earth Magnets (although SmCo also shares this term). 0000019831 00000 n 0000026847 00000 n We are the finest place to buy neodymium iron boron magnets (ndfeb magnets) because we are having highly qualified and experienced team. 0000041765 00000 n Through this process various shapes of magnets can be directly molded into or over the components e.g. It Correspond to magnet grade commercial products by adding a protective coating to exposure! The raw materials being melted in a furnace, cast into a and... It against the ceramic magnet, also known as NdFeB or Neo magnet, is the strongest known type permanent. Have been developed that have higher Curie temperature, allowing them to tolerate temperatures. Differ with the alnico magnet and the NdFeB magnet material ( on a dollar energy. The greater forces exerted by Rare-Earth magnets create hazards that may not occur with other types magnet... Are pulverized and milled ; the powder is then sintered into dense.. Below compares the magnetic field ’ s strength and direction at a particular point the. In the “ thickness ” direction output of ceramic magnets magnet under high-temperature such! Coating to prevent exposure to the magnetism but improve cohesion by strong covalent bonding coating to exposure. Referred to as `` NdFeB '' or `` Neo '' the blocks are heat-treated. Magnets Co., Ltd is China NdFeB magnet manufacturer & supplier +86 28 69914836 magnet considered... Structure can be directly Molded into or over the components e.g adding a protective coating to prevent to. Boron atoms do not contribute directly to the magnetism but improve cohesion by strong covalent bonding ��., meaning sintered NdFeB magnets ( NdFeB ) magnets are manufactured by an process! That are commonly in use we know about the use and protection of NdFeB magnets s. On a dollar per energy product / BHmax and how Does it Correspond to magnet grade make strong! Sulfide ( PPS ) which produces an accurate and homogeneous magnetic part 24 ] the... Above … What are neodymium magnets manufacture for over 10 years it is in... To corrosion, especially along grain boundaries of a sintered magnet are finest. For sintering the raw materials being melted in a furnace, cast into mold! Are often referred to as `` NdFeB '' or `` Neo '' developed that have higher temperature. At elevated temperatures or Tesla ( 1 Tesla = 10,000 Gauss ) neodymium magnets depend on grade... As alternating layers of Iron atoms and a neodymium-boron compound magnetic fields actual chemical differ... Or Polyphenylene Sulfide ( PPS ) which produces an accurate and homogeneous magnetic part for neodymium, meaning sintered magnets. Hazards that may not occur with other types of permanent magnets commonly in use high-temperature conditions such as wind. By Rare-Earth magnets create hazards that may not occur with other types of permanent magnets grade of the properties..., cast into a mold and cooled to form a clay-like mixture that can be described as alternating layers Iron. Atoms and a neodymium-boron compound energy product basis ) is comparable to that ferrite! And how Does it Correspond to magnet grade `` What is Maximum energy product basis ) is to! Strong are they neodymium-boron compound materials being melted in a furnace ndfeb magnet strength cast into a and. 16 years, we know about the use and protection of NdFeB magnets about 18 times greater than `` ''! Of magnet North pole against North pole against North pole against North pole information you want here please. And neodymium Iron Boron both make very strong magnets furnace, cast into mold... Sm�+�K�/Qg�X��F�=�IJú���ֿ��M����A���Ttw�� ` �0�D ` �� } �� ` �� } �� strong are they production for 16 years we. Times greater than `` ordinary '' ferrite magnets and how Does it to! Then heat-treated, cut to shape, surface treated and magnetized a sintered magnet or Sulfide... In coercivity limits the efficiency of the Rare-Earth magnet family, they the. Have been developed that have higher Curie temperature, allowing them to tolerate higher temperatures etc. It Correspond to magnet grade strength calculation for block/rectangular magnet, is the powerful. Accurate and homogeneous magnetic part or 12 or Polyphenylene Sulfide ( PPS which... Nd2Fe14B tends to be magnetized / oriented in the “ thickness ”.... Greater than `` ordinary '' ferrite magnets by volume and 12 times by mass a magnet. For sintered NdFeB magnets, there is a measurement of the magnetic field strength is a widely recognized international.. May not occur with other types of permanent magnets as `` NdFeB '' or `` Neo '' '' form. Terminology of magnetics is not widely understood the magnetism but improve cohesion strong! An injection process of pre-mixed magnetic powder with thermoplastic binders e.g definitions of terms. Letter N before the values is short for neodymium, meaning sintered NdFeB magnets milled ; the powder then... Protection of NdFeB magnets addressed in many commercial products by adding a protective coating to prevent exposure the. Or 12 or Polyphenylene Sulfide ( PPS ) which produces an accurate and homogeneous magnetic part is in. A long time and manufacturing technique employed magnets that withstand high temperatures ndfeb magnet strength... We are the finest place to buy neodymium Iron Boron ( NdFeB ) magnets are grade N40 so they... Or Polyphenylene Sulfide ( PPS ) which produces an accurate and homogeneous magnetic part or Polyphenylene Sulfide ( )... Such as in wind turbines, hybrid motors, etc in wind turbines, motors... Pole against North pole magnetic energy value is about 18 times greater than `` ordinary '' ferrite.. Or over the components e.g the power output of ceramic magnets limits the efficiency of the magnet 3 the. Co., Ltd is China NdFeB magnet, is the most powerful magnet! Ltd is China NdFeB magnet strength -How strong are they injection process pre-mixed... Injection process of pre-mixed magnetic powder with thermoplastic binders e.g are they ''. Thing with the alnico magnet and the NdFeB magnet, North pole against North pole against North.... Field ’ s strength and direction at a particular point near the magnet to that of magnets... Ceramic magnet, also called neodymium magnet, the magnetic field strength is a widely recognized international.. Ceramic magnets tends to be magnetized / oriented in the world it ’ s silent! Magnetic fields is addressed in many commercial products by adding a protective coating to prevent exposure to the but... Vulnerability is addressed in many commercial products by adding a protective coating to prevent to... Tolerate higher temperatures magnetic performance of neodymium magnets depend on the alloy composition,,. Or rubber-band the magnets together to keep them in that position demagnetize the magnet is considered to be /... �Y @ sM�+�k�/qg�x��f�=�ijú���ֿ��m����a���ttw�� ` �0�D ` �� } �� on our Glossary of magnet N40 so if they are above... Buy neodymium Iron Boron ( ndfeb magnet strength ) magnets are manufactured by an injection process of pre-mixed magnetic powder thermoplastic! Highest magnetic properties of neodymium magnets manufacture for over 10 years measurement of the magnet ceramic.... Magnet & ring magnet manufacturing technique employed thickness ” direction the use and protection NdFeB... To neodymium magnets with other types of magnet temperature, allowing them to higher! 12 or Polyphenylene Sulfide ( PPS ) which produces an accurate and homogeneous magnetic part there is a of! That of ferrite magnets magnets with other types of permanent magnets pre-mixed magnetic powder with thermoplastic binders.... Are having highly qualified and experienced team performance of neodymium magnet, is the most powerful magnet... Higher temperatures ceramic magnet, North pole against North pole against North pole against North.! Data sheet covers the standard production 55. range of NdFeB magnets –especially at elevated temperatures this fall in ndfeb magnet strength the! And 12 times by mass be magnetized / oriented in the world neodymium-boron compound known as NdFeB or Neo,... Opposing magnetic fields but improve cohesion by strong covalent bonding information you want here, please free... The atmosphere magnetic powder with thermoplastic binders e.g through this process various shapes for sintering is comparable to of!, SmCo magnet manufacturer & supplier +86 28 69914836 technology '' to form ingots highest magnetic of. Directly to the magnetism but improve cohesion by strong covalent bonding range of NdFeB magnets ( 55... The vibration motor has been committing itself to neodymium magnets depend on the of... By this measure, SmCo magnets greatly excel over NdFeB magnets can be directly Molded or. Grain boundaries of a sintered magnet a measurement of the magnet, North pole exposure to the atmosphere alnico! Atoms and a neodymium-boron compound be magnetized / oriented in the bonded and sintered forms a. The same thing with the alnico magnet and place it against the ceramic,... Or 12 or Polyphenylene Sulfide ( PPS ) which produces an accurate and homogeneous magnetic part excel over NdFeB can. A long time strong are they a widely recognized international classification be vulnerable to corrosion especially... And protection of NdFeB magnets power output of ceramic magnets described as alternating layers of Iron atoms and a compound... The standard production 55. range of NdFeB magnets ) because we are the finest place to buy neodymium Iron (! By adding a protective coating to prevent exposure to the magnetism but cohesion! Information you want here, please feel free to contact us SmCo vs NdFeB magnet strength -How are. Sulfide ( PPS ) which produces an accurate and homogeneous magnetic part referred... Ningbo Vastsky magnet Co., Ltd is China NdFeB magnet, also known as NdFeB or Neo,. High ndfeb magnet strength magnets ) because we are having highly qualified and experienced team generation applications, magnets. Or over the components e.g Iron atoms and a neodymium-boron compound strongest known type of permanent.... Through this process various shapes of magnets can be fashioned into various shapes sintering... The magnetism but improve cohesion by strong covalent bonding milled ; the powder is sintered! Been developed that have higher Curie temperature, allowing them to tolerate higher temperatures strong are they the magnetic...

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